Jangan langsung bertaruh uang begitu kamu menerima gajimu. Bayar dulu semua tagihanmu, seperti sewa atau cicilan rumah. Sebelum memulai berjudi, penting untuk menyelesaikan tanggung jawab keuangan utama seperti membayar tagihan dan cicilan rumah. Ini membantu memastikan bahwa uang yang digunakan untuk berjudi bukan merupakan kebutuhan mendesak yang dapat memengaruhi kondisi keuanganmu.

Tentukan sebelumnya berapa banyak uang dan waktu yang bisa kamu habiskan untuk berjudi. Tetapkan ini sebagai batas pengeluaranmu sebelum mulai bermain. Istirahat secara teratur dan berhenti saat kamu mencapai batas itu atau waktu bermain telah habis. Jangan menggunakan kartu debit atau top up. Mengatur batas pengeluaran dan waktu bermain membantu mencegah kehilangan kontrol atas aktivitas berjudi. Mengambil istirahat secara teratur membantu menjaga pikiran tetap segar dan menghindari keputusan impulsif. Menghindari penggunaan kartu debit atau top up dapat membatasi kerugian yang mungkin timbul.

Ingatlah bahwa, secara rata-rata, kamu akan kehilangan lebih banyak daripada yang kamu menangkan. ‘Rumah’ selalu menang pada akhirnya, jadi berhenti jika kamu unggul. Kesadaran bahwa kebanyakan orang cenderung kehilangan lebih banyak daripada yang mereka menangkan adalah penting. Meskipun mungkin ada kemenangan sesekali, rumah judi biasanya memiliki keunggulan matematis, dan pemahaman ini dapat membantu menghindari kekalahan yang signifikan.

Jangan dipengaruhi oleh iklan, promosi, atau bonus. Iklan dan promosi seringkali dirancang untuk menarik pemain, tetapi penting untuk tetap objektif. Tidak semua penawaran menguntungkan, dan keputusan harus didasarkan pada pertimbangan rasional daripada dorongan emosional.

Selalu baca syarat dan ketentuan sebelum bermain. Memahami persyaratan dan ketentuan permainan atau promosi adalah langkah penting. Ini membantu menghindari kejutan atau konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan yang mungkin muncul selama atau setelah berjudi.

Jangan meminjam uang untuk bermain. Artinya, jangan menggunakan kartu kredit juga. Meminjam uang untuk berjudi dapat mengakibatkan masalah keuangan yang serius. Menggunakan kartu kredit juga dapat menambah risiko utang yang sulit dilunasi.

Menang atau kalah hampir selalu ditentukan oleh kebetulan atau peluang, bukan oleh wawasan atau latihanmu, dan tentu saja bukan oleh takhayul. Kesadaran bahwa hasil perjudian sebagian besar bergantung pada keberuntungan atau peluang, bukan keterampilan individu atau keyakinan takhayul, membantu menjaga perspektif yang realistis.

Utamakan pekerjaan, studi, dan janji dengan orang lain daripada berjudi. Berjudi sebaiknya tidak mengganggu tanggung jawab utama seperti pekerjaan, studi, atau janji sosial. Menetapkan prioritas yang tepat membantu menjaga keseimbangan antara kehidupan sehari-hari dan hobi.

Berjudi untuk kesenangan atau bersenang-senang, bukan untuk memenangkan uang. Mengubah sudut pandang berjudi dari fokus pada kemenangan finansial ke aspek hiburan dapat membantu mengurangi tekanan dan membuat pengalaman lebih positif.

Jangan berjudi saat kamu marah, sedih, kesepian, atau bosan, atau saat kamu sedang minum alkohol atau menggunakan zat lainnya. Kondisi emosional yang tidak stabil atau pengaruh zat dapat memengaruhi keputusan berjudi. Sebaiknya hindari berjudi dalam kondisi ini untuk memastikan keputusan yang lebih baik dan pengalaman yang lebih positif.

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What really did come first—the chicken or the egg? Birds’ reproductive biology is dramatically different from that of any other living vertebrates, and ornithologists and paleontologists have long wondered how and when the unique features of bird reproduction originated. A new Review in The Auk: Ornithological Advances examines answers from three sources—modern birds, fossils of primitive birds, and fossils of the dinosaurs from which birds are descended—to shed new light on the subject.

All modern birds share certain reproductive features, such as a single functional ovary and the practice of incubating their eggs through direct contact. Analysis of the bird family tree also suggests that early birds built simple, open nests on the ground and that their young were “precocial,” meaning they were well-developed and almost ready to fend for themselves when they hatched. Those dinosaurs close to the ancestry of birds shared some of these traits, but they had two functional reproductive tracts, and their eggs were smaller relative to their body size and more elongated than those of modern birds.

Fossils of primitive birds and eggs from the Mesozoic era place them midway between their dinosaur ancestors and their modern descendants, with eggs between those of pre-avian dinosaurs and modern birds in term of size and shape. In this way, David Varricchio and Frankie Jackson of the Montana State University are able to trace the evolution of bird reproduction through a series of distinct stages, from pre-avian dinosaurs to the birds of today.

“Reproduction in modern birds is distinct among living vertebrates. Many aspects of this reproduction mode trace their origin to theropod dinosaurs such as Oviraptors and Troodontids, but not really beyond them to more distantly related dinosaurs,” according to Varricchio. “Interestingly, reproduction in the most common group of Mesozoic birds is very similar to that of these dinosaurs, and so still differs from modern birds. Consequently, modern birds stand apart from Mesozoic birds, and perhaps this contributed to their surviving the end-Cretaceous extinction event.”

Reproduction in Mesozoic birds and evolution of the modern avian reproductive mode is available

About the journal: The Auk: Ornithological Advances is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology that began in 1884 as the official publication of the American Ornithologists’ Union. In 2009, The Auk was honored as one of the 100 most influential journals of biology and medicine over the past 100 years.

Shorebirds breeding in Alaska are being exposed to mercury at levels that could put their populations at risk, according to new research from The Condor: Ornithological Applications.

Thanks to atmospheric circulation and other factors, the mercury that we deposit into the environment tends to accumulate in the Arctic. Mercury exposure can reduce birds’ reproductive success and sometimes even be lethal. Shorebirds may be particularly vulnerable because they forage in aquatic environments where mercury is converted into methylmercury, its most dangerous form. Marie Perkins of the Biodiversity Research Institute (BRI) and her colleagues investigated the level of mercury in Alaska’s shorebirds and found that some birds breeding near Barrow, at the state’s northern end, have mercury concentrations upwards of two micrograms per gram of blood.

“These species already face a lot of tough new challenges, from climate change to disappearing stop-over habitat, so throwing a neurotoxin in the mix that can reduce reproductive success is likely to harm their populations,” according to Dan Cristol of the College of William & Mary, an expert on mercury in birds who was not involved with the new study. “The mercury concentrations reported in this paper are likely to reduce reproduction, but not catastrophically, based on what we know from other species. What may be even worse, though, is that these mercury levels probably spike when they leave the breeding grounds and start burning their reserve fuel, making their already arduous continent-jumping trips even harder.”

To assess the birds’ mercury exposure, Perkins and her colleagues collected blood and feathers from nine shorebird species breeding and staging for their southward migration at sites throughout Alaska. In addition to the troubling results from birds breeding near Barrow, they found that mercury levels depended on a species’ foraging habits—shorebird species that foraged in upland areas, away from methylmercury-rich wetlands, had the lowest blood mercury concentrations.

More work is needed to determine how much mercury various shorebird species can handle before they suffer adverse effects. “These results have encouraged me to expand my research on mercury exposure in Arctic shorebirds,” says Perkins. “I am currently pursuing my PhD at McGill University, where I am working in collaboration with BRI and the Arctic Shorebird Demographics Network to closely examine mercury exposure in multiple shorebird species breeding across the North American Arctic.”

Mercury exposure and risk in breeding and staging Alaskan shorebirds is available at http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-16-36.1.

About the journal: The Condor: Ornithological Applications is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology. It began in 1899 as the journal of the Cooper Ornithological Club, a group of ornithologists in California that became the Cooper Ornithological Society.

This week marks the end of our series of blog post highlighting both our journals’ top cited articles from 2014 and 2015. After counting down from number ten, today we reveal that The Condor‘s most cited paper from this time period was…

Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability by S.R. Loss, T. Will, S.S. Loss, and P.P. Marra, from the February 2014 issue of The Condor: Ornithological Advances.

Loss and his colleagues reviewed the published literature and acquired unpublished datasets to systematically estimate annual bird mortality from window collisions in the U.S. and identify particularly vulnerable species. They found that 365–988 million birds are killed in such collisions each year, supporting the conclusion that building collision mortality is one of the top sources of human-caused bird mortality in the U.S. A large proportion of all mortality occurs at structures like houses that kill small numbers of birds on a per-building basis but make up a high percentage of all buildings, which suggests that achieving a large overall reduction in mortality will require mitigation measures to be applied across a large number of structures (not just high-rises).

For some species, including Golden-winged Warblers, Painted Buntings, Kentucky Warblers, and Canada Warblers, building collision mortality appears substantial enough to contribute to or exacerbate ongoing population declines. The authors suggest that a feasible long-term approach to reducing mortality would be the continued adaptation of Green Building certification standards to include bird collision risks.

Two of North America’s declining grassland songbirds may be particularly vulnerable to altered weather patterns caused by climate change, according to new research in The Condor: Ornithological Applications.

Extreme heat waves have been known to kill adult birds, and droughts can cause birds to abandon nests or skip breeding altogether. To learn what species might be at greatest risk, Jessica Gorzo of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her colleagues analyzed more than four decades of bird survey data from the Dakotas, Montana, and Wyoming, looking for patterns linking grassland bird abundance to temperature and precipitation.

Of the 14 bird species the researchers focused on, 5 showed significant associations with weather trends, their populations appearing to increase or decrease depending on whether a year had been particularly warm, cold, wet, or dry. Two, the closely related Grasshopper and Baird’s sparrows, are already declining enough to concern conservationists, and this study shows that they may be particularly vulnerable to the warmer, drier conditions that are likely becoming more frequent due to climate change.

“With climate change, there are bound to be winners and losers,” according to Gorzo. “Of the species we considered, Grasshopper and Baird’s Sparrows may be imminently at risk. These species responded similarly to our weather metrics, which made sense in light of their shared life history traits. Knowing that these species need tall, lush grassland vegetation, increasingly dry conditions could inhibit the growth they need to be successful.”

The data for the study came from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, a program for which skilled volunteer birders conduct annual bird counts along set routes. “It was really an honor to work with this dataset, because though I don’t run a route myself, I have many friends who have been visiting the same route year after year and take pride in what they contribute to our understanding of the continent’s birds,” says Gorzo. “It is a tremendous volunteer effort that takes skill, dedication and hard work. To be able to put it to good use to elucidate some patterns relevant to climate change felt really rewarding, and I can’t thank birders over the decades enough for working year in and year out to add to this dataset.”

Using the North American Breeding Bird Survey to assess broad-scale response of the continent’s most imperiled avian community, grassland birds, to weather variability is available at http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-15-180.1.

About the journal: The Condor: Ornithological Applications is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology. It began in 1899 as the journal of the Cooper Ornithological Club, a group of ornithologists in California that became the Cooper Ornithological Society.

Many birds learn their songs from their parents, but what if they could get a head start? A new paper in The Auk: Ornithological Advances demonstrates that some songbirds start learning to imitate their parents before they even hatch.

Vocal learning has many benefits for birds—it lets them signal their suitability as a potential mate, recognize their relatives, and enhance their social interactions. Once Diane Colombelli-Négrel and Sonia Kleindorfer of Australia’s Flinders University, Mark Hauber of New York City’s Hunter College, and their colleagues from Cornell University discovered that Superb Fairywren nestlings learn to imitate their mothers’ calls while still in the egg, they wanted to see whether the behavior extended to other species and to learn more about its ecological context, so they turned to the related Red-backed Fairywren.

All Red-backed Fairywren females in this new study called to their eggs while incubating, and most continued to call to their nestlings for five to six days after they hatched. As a result, mother and offspring calls were more similar than would be expected by chance. Parents also put more effort into feedings nestlings with calls similar to their own. “Fairywrens have become a new model system in which to test new dimensions in the ontogeny of parent-offspring communication in vertebrates,” says Hauber.

Though the researchers had hypothesized that fairywren parents could use calls to identify alien nestlings, the result of eggs placed in their nests by parasitic cuckoos, the rate at which Red-backed Fairywren mothers called to their eggs did not increase significantly when more cuckoos were present in the habitat. Colombelli-Négrel and her colleagues speculate that the similarity of nestlings’ calls to their own could also tip parents off about which nestlings are the most vigorous and the best learners, so that they can invest more resources in the ones most likely to thrive.

The original discovery was a fortuitous accident. “Because fairywrens have high predation rates, we originally placed microphones under Superb Fairywren nests to record alarm calls against predators twenty-four seven,” says Colombelli-Négrel. “As a result, we discovered embryonic learning in Superb Fairywrens.” When they turned to Red-backed Fairywrens, they recorded vocalizations from 67 nests across four breeding seasons in Queensland, as well as playing recordings of begging nestlings to test parents’ responses.

“Prenatal vocal learning has rarely been described in any animal, with the exception of humans and Australian Superb Fairywrens,” says Dr. William Feeney of the University of Queensland, an expert on the interactions between cuckoos and host birds. “In this study, the authors present data suggesting that, like the Superb Fairywren, Red-backed Fairywrens also learn their begging calls from their mother. This result is exciting as it opens the door to investigating the taxonomic diversity of this ability, which could provide insights into why it evolves.”

Vocal imitation of mother’s calls by begging Red-backed Fairywren nestlings increases parental provisioning is available at http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-15-162.1.

About the journal: The Auk: Ornithological Advances is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology that began in 1884 as the official publication of the American Ornithologists’ Union. In 2009, The Auk was honored as one of the 100 most influential journals of biology and medicine over the past 100 years.

Tiny Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are capable of flying more than 2,000 kilometers without a break, according to a new paper in The Auk: Ornithological Advances. This research provides some of the first details of their annual fall journey from the eastern United States to Central America, showing that their fall migration peaks in September and that older birds travel ahead of younger ones.

Collecting data on birds passing through southern Alabama, Theodore Zenzal of the University of Southern Mississippi and his colleagues found that hummingbirds moved through the area between late August and late October, with older birds arriving earlier and in better condition. Using a computer program to estimate flight range based on birds’ mass and wingspan, they estimated that the average hummingbird has a flight range of around 2,200 kilometers. Older birds and males were predicted to be able to travel farther at a time than younger birds and females.

These results suggest that older birds are more experienced and socially dominant, leaving their breeding territories earlier and traveling faster. Whether Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico or around it is still unknown, but the flight ranges researchers calculated mean that most of them would be able to make it across if weather conditions were favorable. “The most interesting thing, in my opinion, is how some of these birds effectively double their body mass during migration and are still able to perform migratory flights, especially given some of the heftier birds seem to barely make it to a nearby branch after being released,” says Zenzal, whose work was funded in part by the National Geographic Society.

Zenzal and his colleagues captured hummingbirds with mist nets at Alabama’s Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge during the fall migrations of 2010–14, banding and recording data on an amazing 2,729 individual hummingbirds. Even a visiting documentary crew was charmed by the tiny birds. “All but one person on the crew was from Europe and most had never seen a hummingbird in real life, so you can imagine how fascinating these birds must have seemed,” says Zenzal. “During the course of filming, members of the crew would regularly ask me to place a hummingbird in their hand so they could release it.”

“Patterns we previously had hints of from small, anecdotal observations are documented here with a very large sample size. It’s interesting that the young of the year migrate after adults and are quite different in their stopover phenology. This suggests there are substantial differences between flying south for the first time, as opposed to flying somewhere again as an adult,” says UC Riverside’s Chris Clark, an expert on hummingbird behavior. “I think that further research on how young hummingbirds migrate, and the decisions they make, would be really interesting.”

Stopover biology of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) during autumn migration is available at http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-15-160.1.

About the journal: The Auk: Ornithological Advances is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology that began in 1884 as the official publication of the American Ornithologists’ Union. In 2009, The Auk was honored as one of the 100 most influential journals of biology and medicine over the past 100 years.